Learning to know Nouns

Definition of nouns
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. The highlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns:

Late last year our neighbors bought a goat.
Portia White was an opera singer.
The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.
According to Plutarch, the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C.
Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving.

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party), is almost always capitalized. A proper noun used as an addressed person's name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized.

A group of related words can act as a single noun-like entity within a sentence. A Noun Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do:
What he does for this town is a blessing.

A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words acting as a noun: the oil depletion allowance; the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose.

There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns — such as daughter-in-law, half-moon, and stick-in-the-mud.

A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective or an adverb.

In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.

Lexical categories are defined in terms of how their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language. In English, nouns may be defined as those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase.
In traditional English grammar, the noun is one of the eight parts of speech.

Different definitions of nouns
Expressions of natural language have properties at different levels. They have formal properties, like what kinds of morphological prefixes or suffixes they take and what kinds of other expressions they combine with; but they also have semantic properties, i.e. properties pertaining to their meaning. The definition of a noun at the outset of this article is thus a formal, traditional grammatical definition. That definition, for the most part, is considered uncontroversial and furnishes the means for users of certain languages to effectively distinguish most nouns from non-nouns. However, it has the disadvantage that it does not apply to nouns in all languages. For example in Russian, there are no definite articles, so one cannot define nouns as words that are modified by definite articles. There have also been several attempts to define nouns in terms of their semantic properties. Many of these are controversial, but some are discussed below.

Classification of nouns in English

Proper nouns
You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organizations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun
In each of the following sentences, the proper nouns are highlighted:

The Maroons were transported from Jamaica and forced to build the fortifications in Halifax.
Many people dread Monday mornings.
Beltane is celebrated on the first of May.
Abraham appears in the Talmud and in the Koran.
Last year, I had a Baptist, a Buddhist, and a Gardnerian Witch as roommates.

Proper name redirects here. For the philosophy of language concept, see Proper name (philosophy).
Proper nouns (also called proper names) are nouns representing unique entities (such as London, Jupiter or Johnny), as distinguished from common nouns which describe a class of entities (such as city, planet or person).[8] Proper nouns are not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier (such as any or some), and are used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have. The meaning of proper noun capitalization is uniqueness within an implicit context, that is, it provides a name to an instance of a general type when the instance is unique within an implicit context. Context shifts therefore can affect it, as discussed later (see Intersections of common and proper senses).

In English and most other languages that use the Latin alphabet, proper nouns are usually capitalized.[9] Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper nouns are capitalised (e.g., American English House of Representatives) or only the initial element (e.g., Slovenian Državni zbor 'National Assembly'). In German, nouns of all types are capitalized. The convention of capitalizing all nouns was previously used in English, but ended circa 1800. In America, the shift in capitalization is recorded in several noteworthy documents. The end (but not the beginning) of the Declaration of Independence (1776) and all of the Constitution (1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized, the Bill of Rights (1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them, and the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment (1865) only capitalizes proper nouns.

Common Nouns
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.
In each of the following sentences, the common nouns are highlighted:

According to the sign, the nearest town is 60 miles away.
All the gardens in the neighbourhood were invaded by beetles this summer.
I don't understand why some people insist on having six different kinds of mustard in their cupboards.

The road crew was startled by the sight of three large moose crossing the road.
Many child-care workers are underpaid.
Sometimes you will make proper nouns out of common nouns, as in the following examples:

The tenants in the Garnet Apartments are appealing the large and sudden increase in their rent.
The meals in the Bouncing Bean Restaurant are less expensive than meals in ordinary restaurants.
Many witches refer to the Renaissance as the Burning Times.
The Diary of Anne Frank is often a child's first introduction to the history of the Holocaust.

Intersections of common and proper senses
Sometimes the same word can function as both a common noun and a proper noun, depending on context. Two variants of this principle can be distinguished, although the distinction is blurred by real-world use of the labels to refer to instances of both types. They have no universally agreed names (that is, no standardized metalanguage), but the names "capitonym"[10] and "specific designator"[11] have some currency.

Collective nouns
Main article: Collective noun

A collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit. You need to be able to recognise collective nouns in order to maintain subject-verb agreement. A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable noun.
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a collective noun:

The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.
The collective noun "flock" takes the singular verb "spends."
The jury is dining on take-out chicken tonight.
In this example the collective noun "jury" is the subject of the singular compound verb "is dining."
The steering committee meets every Wednesday afternoon.
Here the collective noun "committee" takes a singular verb, "meets."
The class was startled by the bursting light bulb.
In this sentence the word "class" is a collective noun and takes the singular compound verb "was startled."

Collective nouns are nouns that refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity, even when they are inflected for the singular. Examples include committee, herd, and school (of fish). These nouns have slightly different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases that they head can serve as the subject of a collective predicate, even when they are inflected for the singular. A collective predicate is a predicate that cannot normally take a singular subject. An example of the latter is talked amongst themselves.

Good: The boys talked among themselves.
Bad: *The boy talked among themselves.
Bad: The committee talked among themselves.[dubious – discuss]

Concrete nouns
Further information: physical body and abstract object
A concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.

The highlighted words in the following sentences are all concrete nouns:
The judge handed the files to the clerk.

Whenever they take the dog to the beach, it spends hours chasing waves.
The real estate agent urged the couple to buy the second house because it had new shingles.
As the car drove past the park, the thump of a disco tune overwhelmed the string quartet's rendition of a minuet.
The book binder replaced the flimsy paper cover with a sturdy, cloth-covered board.
Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of the senses (for instance, chair, apple, Janet or atom).

Abstrak nouns
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can not perceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun. The highlighted words in the following sentences are all abstract nouns:

Buying the fire extinguisher was an afterthought.
Tillie is amused by people who are nostalgic about childhood.
Justice often seems to slip out of our grasp.
Some scientists believe that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.
Abstract nouns, on the other hand, refer to abstract objects; that is, ideas or concepts (such as justice or hatred).
In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes (-ness, -ity, -tion) to adjectives or verbs. Examples are happiness (from the adjective happy), circulation (from the verb circulate) and serenity (from the adjective serene).

Possessive Nouns
In the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter "s."
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following sentences:

The red suitcase is Cassandra's.
The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's.
The exhausted recruits were woken before dawn by the drill sergeant's screams.
The miner's face was covered in coal dust.
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that ends in "s" by adding an apostrophe alone or by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following examples:
The bus's seats are very uncomfortable.
The bus' seats are very uncomfortable.
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus' eggs.
Felicia Hemans's poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.
Felicia Hemans' poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.
You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and a "s," as in the following examples:
The children's mittens were scattered on the floor of the porch.
The sheep's pen was mucked out every day.

Since we have a complex appeal process, a jury's verdict is not always final.
The men's hockey team will be playing as soon as the women's team is finished.
The hunter followed the moose's trail all morning but lost it in the afternoon.
You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does end in "s" by adding an apostrophe:

The concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks' quacking, and the babies' squalling.
The janitors' room is downstairs and to the left.
My uncle spent many hours trying to locate the squirrels' nest.
The archivist quickly finished repairing the diaries' bindings.
Religion is usually the subject of the roommates' many late night debates.
Using Possessive Nouns
When you read the following sentences, you will notice that a noun in the possessive case frequently functions as an adjective modifying another noun:
The miner's face was covered in coal dust.
Here the possessive noun "miner's" is used to modify the noun "face" and together with the article "the," they make up the noun phrase that is the sentence's subject.
The concert was interrupted by the dogs' barking, the ducks' quacking, and the babies' squalling.
In this sentence, each possessive noun modifies a gerund. The possessive noun "dogs"' modifies "barking," "ducks"' modifies "quacking," and "babies"' modifies "squalling."
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.
In this example the possessive noun "platypus's" modifies the noun "eggs" and the noun phrase "the platypus's eggs" is the direct object of the verb "crushed."
My uncle spent many hours trying to locate the squirrels' nest.
In this sentence the possessive noun "squirrels"' is used to modify the noun "nest" and the noun phrase "the squirrels' nest" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to locate."

Gender Noun
Many common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can refer to men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on their gender -- for example, a man was called an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress" -- but this use of gender-specific nouns is very rare today. Those that are still used occasionally tend to refer to occupational categories, as in the following sentences.
David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.
Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s.
The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress".

Plurals Noun
Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es", as illustrated in the following pairs of sentences:
When Matthew was small he rarely told the truth if he thought he was going to be punished.

Many people do not believe that truths are self-evident.
As they walked through the silent house, they were startled by an unexpected echo.
I like to shout into the quarry and listen to the echoes that return.
He tripped over a box left carelessly in the hallway.
Since we are moving, we will need many boxes.

There are other nouns which form the plural by changing the last letter before adding "s". Some words ending in "f" form the plural by deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words ending in "y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding "ies," as in the following pairs of sentences:

The harbour at Marble Mountain has one wharf.
There are several wharves in Halifax Harbour.
Warsaw is their favourite city because it reminds them of their courtship.
The vacation my grandparents won includes trips to twelve European cities.
The children circled around the headmaster and shouted, "Are you a mouse or a man?"
The audience was shocked when all five men admitted that they were afraid of mice.
Other nouns form the plural irregularly. If English is your first language, you probably know most of these already: when in doubt, consult a good dictionary.

Countable Nouns
A countable noun (or count noun) is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can count. You can make a countable noun plural and attach it to a plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of non-countable nouns and collective nouns.
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted words are countable nouns:

We painted the table red and the chairs blue.
Since he inherited his aunt's library, Jerome spends every weekend indexing his books.
Miriam found six silver dollars in the toe of a sock.
The oak tree lost three branches in the hurricane.
Over the course of twenty-seven years, Martha Ballad delivered just over eight hundred babies.

Non-Countable Nouns
A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are non-countable nouns:

Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen.
The word "oxygen" cannot normally be made plural.
Oxygen is essential to human life.
Since "oxygen" is a non-countable noun, it takes the singular verb "is" rather than the plural verb "are."
We decided to sell the furniture rather than take it with us when we moved.
You cannot make the noun "furniture" plural.
The furniture is heaped in the middle of the room.
Since "furniture" is a non-countable noun, it takes a singular verb, "is heaped."
The crew spread the gravel over the roadbed.
You cannot make the non-countable noun "gravel" plural.
Gravel is more expensive than I thought.
Since "gravel" is a non-countable noun, it takes the singular verb form "is."

References
1. Loos, Eugene E., et al. 2003. Glossary of linguistic terms: What is a noun?
2. Frank, Marchella. 1993. Modern English: a practical reference guide
3. Murphy, Raymond. English grammar in use: a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students: Cambridge University
4. International student’s Edition. 2000. Oxfords Advanced Learners Dictionary: Cambridege univerty
5. ^ Davidson, Donald. 1967. The logical form of action sentences. In Nicholas Rescher, ed., The Logic of Decision and Action, Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press.

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Introduction to Punctuation Marks I

Hi Blog Reader of English Word's blog, now i would like to share English Lesson about Punctuation.

Ok, I think we all have been known that punctuation marks are symbols which indicate the structure and organization of written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud (according to wikipedia.com)
We can conclude that Punctuation marks are the symbol of language. If you have been known it, let's know the kind of punctuation marks!

1. Full stop  ( . )
2. Comma   ( , )
3. Colon      ( : )
4. Semicolon( ; )
5. Question Mark ( ? )
6. Eclamation Mark ( ! )
7. Apostrophe ( ' )
8. Hyphen   ( - )
9. Dash       (long -)
10. Dots/ Elipsis (.....)
11. Slash / Oblique ( / )
12. Quotation Marks ( '  ' )  ( "  " )
13. Brackets / parentheses (  )
14. Square brackets  [  ]
15. Italics  ( I )

Ok, have you know punctuation? i hope you can applicant it  when you write sentence, paragraph or text.

For explanation of those punctuation marks will be posted in he next article.
Don't forget to leave a message!

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Auxiliaries Learning

Hello English World's blog reader!

Now, I would like to share my knowledge which has been got in my university.

Ok, do you know auxiliaries? I suggest you to imagine it as verb helping, because according to Marchella Frank with Modern English book is listed "Auxiliaries verbs are helping verbs that add structural meaning or a semantic coloring to verbs carrying the full burden of lexical meaning".

Alright, if you have known the definition of auxiliaries, let's learn to types of auxiliaries. Here there are three types:
1. Tense Auxiliaries, it performs a structural function only. The example word for tense auxiliaries are Be, Have, Will-Shall. Be occurs with the -ing present participle in the progressive forms of the tenses, and with the -ed past participle in the passive forms of the tenses. Have is used for the perfect tense. Shall and Will are used for future tenses.

2. Do Auxiliary, it is used only in the simple present tense (do or does offer) and in simple past tense (did offer).

3. Modals Auxiliaries, these auxiliaries add to the verb a special semantic component such as ability, obligation, and possibility. But here, i would like to explain modals auxiliaries have functions for expressing ability, permission, requests, advice, suggestion, preferences, necessity, and choice.

1. Ability, this modal always used word can, could, and be able to.
E.g.: I can speak English well.
She could swim when she was a student of junior high school.
John was able to read 100 English novels last year.
Note: ‘Can’ or ‘be (am, are, and is) able to’ is used for talking about ability in the present.
‘Could’ or ‘was/were able to’ is used for talking about ability in the past.

2. Permission: May, can, could, and do you mind if…….
E.g.: May I borrow your book?
Could we buy your company name?
Can I visit to your lodge?
Do you mind if I sit beside you?

3. Requests: will, can, would, could, would you mind…..?
E.g.: Will you forgive me?
Can you borrow me a lot of money?
Would you come to my party?
Could you buy my hand phone?
Would you mind reading a loud some articles for me?

Note: feel the different kind of modals auxiliaries between Permission and request! Let’s to learn it! Make a difference between it. The modal of Permission always use subject I for asking permission, whereas requests always use subject you for requesting. Is it clear? Ok, we will continue the lesson how to learn auxiliaries.

4. Advice: Should, Ought to, Had better
E.g.: You should go to hospital.
She ought to study how to make a sentence.
We’d better finish this task now.

5. Suggestions: Could, Why don’t….?, why not…..?, Let’s, How about….?
E.g.: May be we could go to America.
Why don’t we invite him for going to theatre?
Why not call her right now?
Let’s go to Jakarta.
How about staying in lodge?

6. Preferences: Prefer, would prefer, would rather.
E.g.: I usually prefer Sundanese food.
I’d prefer to have Japanese food tonight.
I’d rather stay at home.

7. Necessity: Have (got)to and Must
E.g.: I have to be a winner in this competition.
We must come to that event.

8. Choice: Don’t have to & No choice: Must not and can’t
E.g.: You don’t have to buy this book.
You must ask to your friend.
You can’t change your choice.

Ok, after you read the article above, if you don’t understand, you can make comments to me by leave messages. Thanks if you want to read this article. Wait for anothers article here!

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Back To The Future 3

Back to the Future Part III (1990)

Trapped in 1955, Marty McFly received written word from his friend, Doctor Emmett Brown, to which can be found DeLorean time machine. However, an unfortunate discovery encourages Marty went to his friend for helping him. By using a time machine, Marty's long journey to the west where his friend had run afoul gang thugs and had fallen in love with a local teacher. Using the technology of the time, Marty and Emmett made one last chance to send two of them back to the future.

Conclusion of the trilogy sent Marty McFly on a rescue mission of 1885, where he had to save Doc Brown from death at the hands of another member of the Tannen clan. However, there were numbers of complications preventing rapid back to the future: a lack of gasoline for the time-traveling DeLorean, a band of gun slinging criminals and affection of a school teacher with Doc to fall in love.

Stranded in 1955 after a bizarre explosion of lightning, Marty had to go to 1885 to rescue Doc Brown from a premature end. Survived the Indian attacked and unfriendly townsfolk, Marty Doc Brown found a blacksmith. But with the Doc under the spell of the charming Clara Clayton, it's up to Marty to get them out of the Wild West and back to the future.

By Almanac which was destroyed by Marty McFly and the time line back to its original course, things are not all good. Dr. L. Emmett Brown and time machine, however, strucked by lightning, and Marty had somehow received a letter from the doc that he was fine, and in the year 1885. Marty and Doc in 1955 was still rising machine then after digging the mine, then Marty found a tombstone with the name of Doc on it, which indicated that he would be killed by a man named Beuford Tannen (Biff's ancestor). Marty made the effort to travel to 1885 to save Doc from a bleak future. But Marty did something to the time machine to do not make it run; now Marty and Doc had to find out to go back to 1985. Unfortunately, this would not be easy with the Doc fallen in love with a schoolteacher Clara Clayton, and with constant Beuford Tannen caused problems for Marty and Doc.

Is it interesting? Ok you can watch the online Film here.
You can also  Download Film Here!

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Back To The Future 2

Back to the Future Part II (1989)

Marty McFly had just returned from the past, when he once again captured by Dr. Emmett Brown and sent through time into the future. Marty's job in the future is to act as his son so that he was thrown into prison. Unfortunately, the situation worsened when the change in the future today.

The second part of the trilogy begins as Doc, Marty and Jennifer take the time-traveling De Lorean into the year 2015 to straighten out the future McFly family. But Biff Tannen stolen the time machine and gives herself sister book containing 50 years of sports statistics, which the young Biff used to collect a very large fortune and transform idyllic Hill Valley gambling into hell alive. To restore it, Marty and Doc might return to the events of their previous adventure in 1955 and took the book.

Marty McFly and Doc Brown made an exciting visit to the year 2015 seemed to resolve some issues with the future McFly family. But when they came home, they soon discovered someone which had tampered with time to produce a nightmare Hill Valley, 1985. The Only hope they wanted to return once again to the year 1955 and saved the future.

By Marty McFly's parents back together and back in his own time in 1985. He thought that the time travel ordeal has ended. What he did not know was that it was only the beginning. Dr. L. Emmett Brown said that he had to come to the future with him. Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer to come with the Doc to the year 2015 where the future would be chaos when the child entered M arty. Marty Jr. is located in the robbery, Marty and Doc formulated a plan to prevent a robbery from taking place, as they succeeded in their mission Marty bought a book entitled "Gray's Sports Almanac" which was a futuristic sports statistics books. When Doc threw it away, a former school bully named Biff Tannen took it and found about a time machine Doc. Biff then steolen the time machine. When he was brought back and the Doc and Marty with his girlfriend Jennifer back to the year 1985, things are not true. Then both Marty and Doc realized that the change of time Biff, Biff rich, and married to the mother of Marty Lorainne. The only way to prevent this from happening, Marty and Doc had to go to 1955, to steal from Biff's Almanac.

It is interesting? Ok you will can watch it here by online Film
And if you want to Watch it on your Windows Media Player or another application, you can Download Here!

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Back To the Future 1

Back To the Future is the Film which lift same theme like Time Machine, but in this film, you will see someone who can go to long era and future.

In Back to the Future 1, the main actor of this film just go to long era for saving a doctor who have created time machine into car shape.

You will also see Pharadox theory in this film.

Is it interesting? Ok you can see this Film in your home, and i provide the File download here if you want to watch this film.

The Subtitle of this film, you can go to http://www.subscene.com 

Download Film

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Philosophy of Reading

Do you like reading a book or some texts? I believe in every day, all people read  more than 1 word, so it will be interesting, if i analyze the Philosophy of Reading here. 

Reading is a complex process. It is cognitive process in translating the symbol by our view and continue to our brain into meaning. When we read text, the symbol, such as A,B,C,....etc will be caught by our sense, it is our two eyes. The stimulate will be continued from eyes to brain for being translated into meaning.

Reading is not just read, but we must understand what we read, so it needs comprehension by the reader. I think the comprehending some texts will find the difficulties because it needs our brain for thinking.

All components in our body are influenced one by one, so when we want to read, not only just read, but also for understanding the text, we must know the Reading factors and techniques of Reading.

Reading factors :

1. Pronunciation

2. Intonation

3. Catching the meaning

4. Punctuation

    Punctuation will influence intonation

5. Structure

6. Vocabulary

Techniques of Reading :

1. Reading a loud, it is for practicing pronunciation.

2. Silent Reading, it is for comprehending.

3. Scanning, it is to find the specific information.

4. Skimming, it is for finding the main idea of the text. 

It is about philosophy of Reading, hope it can be useful for everyone who read this blog You can share what you have about this topic, or leave comment to this blog, especially for this topic.

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Time Machine

Did you know the technology? I'm sure you must be smart to understand the meaning of technology. What I want to said here is a technology that is still debated by all circles, and it is also somewhat contradictory to the holy book of Islam is the Qur'an.

Time Machine is the name of the technology, a tool that can break through space and time. Starting from a movie called Back to the Future and Time Machine, I was interested in discussing the new findings.
Mentioned in the year 2000, there was a man of the year 2036 came the name John Titor, it indicates the possibility of time machines would be found and created by scientists.
But for me the concept or idea of time machine is naughty and scientific imagination, so there are some things that will interfere with this life. Actually I am still confused if proven true in a time machine, when I watched the movie Back to Future, it is implied in the movie is a paradox theory, so that when we go into the past, we will be able to alter the  time with Time Machine, but in the movie "Time machine" we can not change the past.

However, what is believed to time machine, until whenever we can not change destiny, but we just can change the destiny of the future.

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What Happened in Ciwidey?

We have known that Ciwidey is one place in Bandung which is natural, and it includes tourism object. Ciwidey is upland soil, so there are many tea gardens and the forest. That scene can be enjoyed for every people, especially for some people who want to take a rest there, make a film, and search happiness.
On Tuesday, February 23rd, 2010, Ciwidey was stricken by disaster, it was landslide. This disaster claimed many victims, such as there were died and just injuries. Till now, the victims who have been found are about 19 people died.

That disaster has been handled by some communities and government of Bandung region and central government. At the first arrival assistance from government was too slowly, so it caused  many victims who have been died. It means that our care still less and hope it can be increased, because our brothers and sisters were crying suffer in pain and misery there.
We must remember to our brothers and sisters there, with we care or we give aid, they will be proud and realize that we as social creature must reciprocate.
That disaster also remembered us for keeping our environment, so at least we can prevent the disaster such as landslide, floods, and many others.
Finally, we must also pray for victims of Ciwidey tragedy.

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Avatar Will be Made Into Novel

James Cameron, the director of Avatar film has planning for making an Avatar novel. Is it strange? yah, usually, a film is published because the novel is so interesting, but with Avatar, it is contradicted. That planning was said on February 16th 2010 in New York city. He believed that his novel will exploded like his film.
He said in the novel, there can tell exploration of Pandora world detail and heart talking between their character.

He calculated, that this novel will give many profit such as in financial.
I analyzed the planning of Cameron is wonderful, because it is unique and different with another writer or novelist.
Do you want to read that novel?
Wait the Publishing of Avatar Novel!

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Social Networking Site Case

If we talk about Social Networking Sites, our mind certain think to Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, etc. For the first those sites were created for making easier into communication between all people, and it can add a lot of networks for doing communication. 
But, it function has shifted to another functions which can make all people growled because there are many cases with Social Networking Site.For Example, The recent news there are some girls who are kidnapped by some boys, because the girls loved the boys so much.If they loved one by one, it is no problem, but the problem is the girls are raped by the boys.

It can be our attention (WARNING!) because in Social Networking Sites, there are many fakes profile and we can say them as"PREDATOR".  i have just  found some people made a fake account, such as the boys who want to get girlfriend, but they are not handsome, so they uploaded an actor photo, or Band personnel photo, so the girls will see them as handsome boys.The Girls are already for making a meeting with them, although it has long distance.
Beside that, there are some boys made girls account, and the girls made boys account.
If we back to the history, in the past time there was one technology which could connect to another people, it was "Intercom". It had good function first, but it made bad effect for housewife destruction.
So that with now, at the appearance Social Networking sites, there are many people who have got married do infidelity, because they have account and always do communication with another people, so far so long, a wife can do infidelity with Facebook or another, and a husband also do it too.
So, with attendance of Social Networking Sites, for preventing some cases of that, we must control our self, and be careful with another people who have not met with us.

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Siliwangi University Campus

 

Siliwangi University is one of the private university in East Regional of West Java, especially in Tasikmalaya. It is located on Jl. Siliwangi number 24 Tasikmalaya, and has area about 22 ha. This University is known by all people as Struggle Campus.

Siliwangi University consists of 7 Faculties and 1 academy. There are Educational Sciences and Teacher’ s Training Faculty, Technical Faculty, Agriculture Faculty, Economy Faculty, Islam Religion Faculty, Social and Government Sciences Faculty, Civilization Healthy faculty and Tourism academy. All of Faculties are divided to some study programs.

Educational Sciences and Teacher’s Training consist of Math Department, English Department, Economy Department, Indonesian Department, Biology Department, Sport Department, Geography Department, and History Department. Technical Faculty consists of Electronics Department, Informatics Department, and Civil Department. Agriculture Faculty consists of Agronomy and Agribusiness Department. Economy Faculty consists of Management, Account, Bank and Financial Department. Islam Religion Faculty consists of Islam Economic department.Government Sciences Faculty consists of International Relation Science and Politic Science.

The Students of Siliwangi University are up to 10.000 students. All of them usually finish their study about 4 years, but there are some students finish less than 4 years, even over than 4 years, and This University has study limitation up to 7 years. If it is over, so they must out from this university.
The system of Siliwangi University follows Semester Credit System where the University Students must contract some Subjects, and they must pay the cost based on each Faculty or Department. They must pay it to BNI Bank in Siliwangi University. I t is one facility of this University.

Beside BNI Bank as the place for paying administration cost, Siliwangi University has many facility, such as Rector Building, Mandala Building, Mosque, Parking area, Garden, Football field, Volley ball field, Laboratory, Library, Sport Building, Toilet, Canteen, Study Room, University student organization room, Security Post.

Rector Building has function for Rector Activity and there is academic administration Biro,. Now, this building, especially second level is always used for study activity, the subjects are Religion and Civilization subject.

Mandala Building has function for University student activity, Mosque as praying place to God, Parking area as Park Place motorcycle and car, Garden as refreshing place and the beauty view in Campus, Sport field and Building are for doing sport activity.

Siliwangi University is different with another university, beside has Tridharma concept as the basic of university, it has Trigatra concept as University basic.

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The Kind of Tenses

TENSES


Present Tense

Positif : S + V1 (s/es)

E.g. she drinks coffee.

Negatif : S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1

E.g. she does not drink coffee.

Tanya : DO/DOES + S + V1

E.g. does she drink coffee?





Present Continuous Tense

Rumusnya:

Positif : S + to be + Ving

E.g. you are reading my article at present.

Negatif : S + to be+ Not+ Ving

E.g. you are not reading my article at present.

Tanya : To be + S + Ving

E.g. are you reading my article at present?



Present Perfect Tense

Rumusnya:

Positif : S + have/has + V3

E.g. I have written English lesson for 30 minutes.

Negatif : S + have/has Not + V3

E.g. I have not written English lesson for 30 minutes.

Tanya : Have/has + S + V3

E.g. Have I written English lesson for 30 minutes?



Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Positif : S + have/has + been + Ving

E.g. she has been learning English for 3 years.

Negatif : S + have/has + not + been + Ving

E.g. she has not been learning English for 3 years.

Tanya : Have/has + S + been + Ving

E.g. Has she learning English for 3 years?



Past Tense

Rumus Past Tense:

Positif : S + V2

E.g. My Father bought this car last year.

Negatif : S + did not + V1

E.g. My Father didn’t buy this car last year.

Tanya : Did + S + V1

E.g. Did My Father buy this car last year?





Past Continuous Tense

Rumus Past Continuous Tense

Positif : S + was/were + Ving

E.g. I was sleeping when my friend came to my house yesterday.

Negatif : S + was/were + NOT + Ving

E.g. I was not sleeping when my friend came to my house yesterday.

Tanya : Was/Were + S + Ving

E.g. Was I sleeping when my friend came to my house yesterday?

Past Perfect Tense

Rumus Past Perfect Tense

Positif : S + had + V3

E.g. you had told me twice before I understood.

Negatif : S + had + not + V3

E.g. you had not told me that, that’s why I didn’t understand.

Tanya : Had + S + V3

E.g. Had You told me before I understood?



Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Positif : S + had + been + Ving

E.g. they had been playing football.

Negatif : S + had + not + been + Ving

E.g. they had not been playing football.

Tanya : Had + S + been + Ving]

E.g. had they been playing football?



Future Tense

Rumus Future Tense

Positif : S + will + V1

E.g. they will discuss tomorrow.

Negatif : S + will + not + V1

E.g. they will not discuss tomorrow.

Tanya : Will + S + V1

E.g. will they discuss tomorrow?



Future Continuous Tense

Rumus Future Continuous Tense

Positif : S + will + be + Ving

E.g. I will be swimming at 9 o’clock tomorrow.

Negatif : S + will not + be + Ving

E.g. I will not be swimming at 9 o’clock tomorrow.

Tanya : Will + S + be + Ving

E.g. will I be swimming at 9 o’clock tomorrow?





Future Perfect Tense

Rumus Future Perfect Tense

Positif : S + will + have + V3

E.g. I will have swum at 11 tomorrow.

Negatif : S + will + not + have + V3

E.g. I will not have swum at 11 tomorrow.

Tanya : Will + S + have + V3

E.g. Will I have swum at 11 tomorrow?



Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Positif : S + will + have + been + Ving

E.g. I will have been swimming for 30 minutes at 9 tomorrow.

Negatif : S + will + not + have + been + Ving

E.g. I will not have been swimming for 30 minutes at 9 tomorrow.

Tanya : Will + S + have + been + Ving

E.g. Will I have been swimming for 30 minutes at 9 tomorrow?



Past Future Tense

Rumus Past Future Tense

Positif : S + would + V1

E.g. I would go at 7 am when He came to my house yesterday

Negatif : S + would + not + V1

E.g. I would not go at 7 am when He came to my house yesterday

Tanya : Would + S + V1

E.g. Would I go at 7 am when He came to my house yesterday?



Past Future Continuous Tense

Rumus Past Future Continuous Tense

Positif : S + would + be + Ving

E.g. I would be swimming at 9 yesterday.

Negatif : S + would + not + be + Ving

E.g. I would not be swimming at 9 yesterday.

Tanya : Would + S + be + Ving

E.g. Would I be swimming at 9 yesterday?

Past Future Perfect Tense

Rumus Past Future Prefect Tense

Positif : S + would + have + V3

E.g. I would have swum at 11 yesterday.

Negatif : S + would + not + have + V3

E.g. I would not have swum at 11 yesterday.

Tanya : Would + S + have + V3

E.g. Would I have swum at 11 yesterday?







Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Positif : S + would + have + been + Ving

E.g. I would have been swimming for 30 minutes

Negatif : S + would + not + have + been + Ving

E.g. I would not have been swimming for 30 minutes

Tanya : Would + S + have + been + Ving

E.g. Would I have been swimming for 30 minutes

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